Египет при XIX династии. 19 династия древнего египта

XIX Династия - Энциклопедия Древнего Египта

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XIX династия (Древний Египет) - это... Что такое XIX династия (Древний Египет)?

XIX династия (Египет) — древнеегипетская династия фараонов, правившая в 1295 (1298) — 1186 гг. до н. э.

Приход к власти и первые фараоны

Родоначальником девятнадцатой династии стал военачальник фараона Хоремхеба[1], Парамсес, сын Сети.

Рамсес I совершил поход в Нубию на втором году правления, также при нём были выполнены некоторые пристройки к Карнакскому храму.

После смерти Рамсеса трон наследовал его сын, Сети I (1296—1279 гг. до н. э.), прославившийся своей впечатляющей гробницей в Долине Царей, которая является самой большой скальной гробницей в истории Египта.

Рамсес II

Сын Сети I, Рамсес II (1290—1212 гг. до н. э.) стал одним из величайших фараонов в истории Египта. Известен как архитектор — при нём было возведено множество храмов и статуй (например, Абу-Симбел), и как великий военачальник — совершил походы в Нубию и Азию. Знаменитая битва при Кадеше между египтянами и хеттами стала первой битвой в истории с масштабным использованием колесниц, по окончанию которой был подписан первый в истории мирный договор[2].

Известен Рамсес II и своей личной жизнью — от многочисленных жён он имел более 100 сыновей и дочерей. Рамсес II также был гораздо выше обычного египтянина, и жил около 90 лет, при средней продолжительности жизни в тот период в 30 лет. Кроме того, как видно по его мумии, он имел крайне редкий для древних египтян цвет волос — рыжий.

Мернептах и последние представители династии

Мернептах (1212—1202 гг. до н. э.) — один из множества сыновей Рамсеса II, стал фараоном лишь в 60 лет, настолько долго правил его отец. Отразил одно из первых нашествий «Народов моря». Мернептаху наследовал его сын, Сети II (1202—1195 гг. до н. э.), во время правления которого трон был узурпирован Аменмесом (1200—1196 гг. до н. э.), предположительно внуком Рамсеса II. После смерти Сети II трон унаследовал его сын Саптах (1194—1188 гг. до н. э.), при регентстве своей мачехи Таусерт, ставшей после смерти Саптаха последним фараоном XIX династии (1188—1186 гг. до н. э.). Правила она недолго и с её смертью началась анархия, в ходе которой к власти пришла XX династия.

Фараоны XIX династии

Родословное древо

Примечания

Литература

• История Древнего Египта (Под общей редакцией Хелен Штрудвик), БММ, 2007, ISBN 5-88353-269-1, 978-5-88353-269-5, 1-904687-85-7

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Египет при XIX династии

Растянувшаяся на долгие годы внутренняя борьба в Египте не могла не отразиться на отношениях с его переднеазиатскими владениями. Покорные раньше, местные князьки один за другим отпадают от Египта, который, как об этом свидетельствуют данные царского, дипломатического архива из Ахет-Атона (Эль-Амарны), был не в состоянии оказать своевременную военную помощь даже своим, теперь немногим, азиатским союзникам, подвергавшимся нападению соседей, больше не признававших власти египетского царя. Еще большей опасностью для позиций Египта в Передней Азии стало усилившееся в середине XV в. до х.э. в восточной части Малой Азии Хеттское государство, претендовавшее теперь на владения фараонов в Сирии и Палестине.

Сепаратистские стремления местных правителей, их междоусобная борьба, военное давление хеттов с севера, постоянное вторжение отрядов хапиру и полная пассивность египетского войска - все это привело к тому, что уже к концу царствования Аменхетепа IV огромное наследие Тутмосиса III в Передней Азии оказалось почти утраченным. Слабые преемники царя-реформатора, последние фараоны XVIII династии были еще не в состоянии упрочить внешнеполитические позиции Египта, хотя при Тутанхамене и был предпринят азиатский поход, возглавленный, возможно, Харемхебом. Став царем, энергичный Харемхеб основные свои усилия направил на внутреннюю консолидацию страны, в чем и достиг, по-видимому, значительного успеха. Именно прекращение внутренних распрей способствовало тому, что цари следующей, XIX династии смогли уже обратить свое внимание и на иноземные дела, возобновить широкие военные операции, целью которых было возвращение потерянных позиций в Передней Азии, где теперь прямое столкновение египтян и хеттов стало неизбежным.

Начало больших военных походов за пределы Египта было положено вторым царем новой династии Сети I, возглавившим Египет после смерти основателя династии, своего отца Рамсеса I, пробывшего на троне лишь два года.

Многие десятилетия, со времени грозного Аменхетепа II, не видела Передняя Азия египетского царя во главе войска, и вот в первый же год правления Сети I сам повел его в большой азиатский поход, приведший к восстановлению власти Египта вплоть до крепости Мегиддо, хорошо нам известной еще по походам Тутмосиса III. Совершив затем карательную экспедицию в глубь Нубии и разгромив к западу от Дельты ливийские племена, Сети I вновь отправляется за Синай. На этот раз египетские войска вторгаются в долину Оронта и продвигаются к г. Кадеш (Кинза), уже давно ставшему одним из опорных пунктов хеттов в Передней Азии. Впервые египетские и хеттские войска встали друг против друга, однако авангардные бои армий двух держав, претендовавших на власть в Передней Азии, при Сети I явились только пробой сил перед решительной схваткой.

К концу XIV или началу XIII в. до х.э., после смерти Сети I, во главе окрепшей египетской державы становится его 22-летний сын Рамсес II, мечтавший восстановить и расширить переднеазиатские владения Египта. Задача нанести поражение хеттам была не из легких, так как египетские войска впервые встретили здесь не разрозненных князьков Сирии и Палестины и даже не их неустойчивую коалицию, как при Тутмосисе III, - противником Египта было могущественное, находящееся в периоде расцвета Хеттское государство с его мощной армией, подчиненной лишь одному военачальнику - хеттскому царю Муваталли, который сам не прочь был сокрушить своих соперников в Передней Азии. Насколько ожесточенной и трудной была эта борьба, можно судить по дошедшим до нас разнообразным источникам, среди которых особое место занимает подробное красочное описание первой битвы Рамсеса II с хеттами у стен г. Кадеш.

Весной пятого года своего царствования (возможно, в 1312 г. до х.э.), собрав большое войско, Рамсес II выступил из пограничной крепости Чару. После 29-дневного похода передовой отряд, возглавляемый самим царем, разбил лагерь на расстоянии одного перехода от Кадеша, возле стен которого находилась армия хеттов и союзных сирийских и малоазийских царьков.

Введенный в заблуждение подосланными в египетский лагерь хеттскими лазутчиками, которые уверяли, что хетты, испугавшись египетского войска, спешно отступили далеко на север от Кадеша, Рамсес II, не дожидаясь подхода всей армии, только с передовым отрядом двинулся к Кадешу и вступил в битву с хеттами, в которой чуть не погиб вместе со всем передовым отрядом. Счастливая случайность - неожиданное появление на поле брани еще одного отряда египтян, новобранцев, посланных ранее царем вдоль морского побережья для последующего воссоединения с основными силами, - спасла положение. Контратаки хеттских колесниц не имели успеха - они лишь мешали друг другу, сцепляясь колесами в узком проходе, пехоту же Муваталли почему-то держал в резерве. Египтяне продержались до вечера, когда к Кадешу подошел наконец второй отряд их основных сил. Противники на этот раз так и не смогли одолеть друг друга.

Лишь после пятнадцатилетней тяжелой борьбы Рамсесу II удалось вытеснить хеттов из Южной Сирии, захватить Кадеш и многие другие города, которые к этому времени египтяне хорошо научились брать штурмом.

Северная же часть бывших владений Тутмосиса III осталась за хеттами. На 21-м году царствования Рамсеса II (ок. 1296 или 1270 г. до х.э.) между ним и хеттским царем Хаттусили III был заключен мирный договор, скрепленный позже женитьбой египетского царя на дочери царя хеттов.

После войны с хеттами Рамсес II правил Египтом еще более 45 лет (по долголетию у него не было соперников, за исключением Пиопи II - царя далекого Древнего царства). Следуя традиции предшественников, царь выбирает местом своего постоянного пребывания Нижний Египет; на востоке Дельты им возводится роскошная царская резиденция, город, носивший имя Пер-Рамсес ("Дом Рамсеса"). Известна широкая строительная деятельность царя в Фивах, Абидосе, Нубии, где по его приказу был вырублен в отвесной скале огромный пещерный храм с гигантскими статуями самого фараона, изваянными в той же скале по обеим сторонам от входа в скальное святилище. И сейчас знаменитый Абу-Симбельский храм, распиленный на части и восстановленный затем над разлившимися водами большого асуанского водохранилища, поражает своим величием.

Рамсес II пережил многих своих сыновей [1], и после его смерти царем стал тринадцатый его сын, уже немолодой Мернептах, при котором (в последней четверти XIII в. до х.э.) на Египет с моря и через Палестину обрушилось нашествие "народов моря", совпавшее с крупным вторжением в Западную Дельту ливийских племен. Эта первая волна "народов моря", в состав которых, возможно, входили племена западной части Малой Азии и островов Восточного Средиземноморья, была отбита египетскими войсками, возглавляемыми Мернептахом. После его смерти в Египте произошли какие-то серьезные внутренние потрясения, что привело к смене династии.

Примечание:

[1] В конце жизни Рамсес II был женат на собственной дочери. В Египте (так же как в Эламе и некоторых других древневосточных царствах) был распространен обычай женитьбы царей на своих сестрах, чтобы не создавать свойственников среди знати, которые могли бы быть опасны, претендуя на престол по женской линии. Но к концу жизни Рамсеса II его сестер, видимо, уже не оставалось в живых.

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XVII Династия - Энциклопедия Древнего Египта

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XXII Династия - Энциклопедия Древнего Египта

June 28, 2015June 29, 2015June 30, 2015July 1, 2015July 2, 2015July 3, 2015July 4, 2015July 5, 2015July 6, 2015July 7, 2015July 8, 2015July 9, 2015July 10, 2015July 11, 2015July 12, 2015July 13, 2015July 14, 2015July 15, 2015July 16, 2015July 17, 2015July 18, 2015July 19, 2015July 20, 2015July 21, 2015July 22, 2015July 23, 2015July 24, 2015July 25, 2015July 26, 2015July 27, 2015July 28, 2015July 29, 2015July 30, 2015July 31, 2015August 1, 2015August 2, 2015August 3, 2015August 4, 2015August 5, 2015August 6, 2015August 7, 2015August 8, 2015August 9, 2015August 10, 2015August 11, 2015August 12, 2015August 13, 2015August 14, 2015August 15, 2015August 16, 2015August 17, 2015August 18, 2015August 19, 2015August 20, 2015August 21, 2015August 22, 2015August 23, 2015August 24, 2015August 25, 2015August 26, 2015August 27, 2015August 28, 2015August 29, 2015August 30, 2015August 31, 2015September 1, 2015September 2, 2015September 3, 2015September 4, 2015September 5, 2015September 6, 2015September 7, 2015September 8, 2015September 9, 2015September 10, 2015September 11, 2015September 12, 2015September 13, 2015September 14, 2015September 15, 2015September 16, 2015September 17, 2015September 18, 2015September 19, 2015September 20, 2015September 21, 2015September 22, 2015September 23, 2015September 24, 2015September 25, 2015September 26, 2015September 27, 2015September 28, 2015September 29, 2015September 30, 2015October 1, 2015October 2, 2015October 3, 2015October 4, 2015October 5, 2015October 6, 2015October 7, 2015October 8, 2015October 9, 2015October 10, 2015October 11, 2015October 12, 2015October 13, 2015October 14, 2015October 15, 2015October 16, 2015October 17, 2015October 18, 2015October 19, 2015October 20, 2015October 21, 2015October 22, 2015October 23, 2015October 24, 2015October 25, 2015October 26, 2015October 27, 2015October 28, 2015October 29, 2015October 30, 2015October 31, 2015November 1, 2015November 2, 2015November 3, 2015November 4, 2015November 5, 2015November 6, 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Википедия - свободная энциклопедия

Избранная статья

Кассиодор (лат. Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, между 480—490, Сцилациум, Бруттий — между 585—590, там же) — римский писатель-панегирист, историк и экзегет, государственный деятель во время правления короля остготов Теодориха Великого и его преемников, вершиной его карьеры стала должность префекта претория Италии.

Происходил из сирийского рода, поселившегося в Италии в IV веке, три поколения его предшественников занимали разнообразные государственные посты. Кассиодор начал карьеру придворного панегириста в первом десятилетии VI века. После падения Остготского королевства Кассиодор, по-видимому, полтора десятилетия провёл в Константинополе, в 554 году удалился в родовое имение на юге Италии, где основал просветительский центр, монастырь Виварий, в котором занялся реализацией своей образовательной и культурной программы. В библиотеке Вивария имелись все основные произведения позднеримской христианской литературы, а также многие классические сочинения; в монастыре осуществлялись переводы с греческого языка, которым сам Кассиодор владел слабо. Последние труды — о правописании и исчислении даты Пасхи — написаны в 93-летнем возрасте.

Принципиальная обращённость произведений Кассиодора к современникам обеспечила популярность его трудов, его наследие широко использовали Павел Диакон, Беда Достопочтенный, Гинкмар Реймский, Алкуин, Рабан Мавр, Марсилий Падуанский. Традиция скриптория и школы Вивария были продолжены в Монте-Кассино и аббатстве Боббио.

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XXVI Династия - Энциклопедия Древнего Египта

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