Кута (древний город). Древний город кута

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Древний город Кута

Кута, Кува (шум. Gudua) — город в Вавилонии, называемый в 4 кн. Царств (17) как одно из мест, где были поселены 10 племен Израиля и где они почитали местного бога Нергала.

Развалины города были открыты Рассамом в 5 часах к северо-востоку от Вавилона, на холме Телль-Ибраим; можно даже узнать место храма Нергала и его жены. И в ассирийских гимнах Нергал упоминается как властелин Кута.

Множество жителей Куты были переселены в Самарию после завоевания её ассирийским царём Саргоном II.[1]

Имя кутийцев у сирян и в талмуде равнозначаще с самаритянами.

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Примечания

1. ↑ «И перевел царь Ассирийский людей из Вавилона, и из Куты, и из Аввы, и из Емафа, и из Сепарваима, и поселил их в городах Самарийских вместо сынов Израилевых. И они овладели Самариею, и стали жить в городах её» (4Цар. 17:24)

Ссылки

• [nauka.bible.com.ua/kann/kann1-05.htm Под проклятием горы Гаризим]

Литература

• Trevor Bryce. [ia700806.us.archive.org/18/items/TheRoutledgeHandbookOfThePeoplesAndPlacesOfAncientWesternAsia/TheRoutledgehandbookOfThePeoplesAndPlacesOfAncientWesternAsia.pdf The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia]. — Routledge, 2009. — P. 174.

Отрывок, характеризующий Кута (древний город)

Кута (древний город)

Развалины города были открыты Рассамом в 5 часах к северо-востоку от Вавилона, на холме Телль-Ибраим; можно даже узнать место храма Нергала и его жены. И в ассирийских гимнах Нергал упоминается как властелин Кута.

Множество жителей Куты были переселены в Самарию после завоевания её ассирийским царём Саргоном II.

Имя кутийцев у сирян и в талмуде равнозначаще с самаритянами.

Примечания

1. ↑ «И перевел царь Ассирийский людей из Вавилона, и из Куты, и из Аввы, и из Емафа, и из Сепарваима, и поселил их в городах Самарийских вместо сынов Израилевых. И они овладели Самариею, и стали жить в городах ее» (4Цар. 17:24)

Ссылки

• Под проклятием горы Гаризим

Литература

• Trevor Bryce. The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia. — Routledge, 2009. — P. 174.

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1. Вавилония – Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia. A small Amorite-ruled state emerged in 1894 BC, which contained at this time the city of Babylon. Babylon greatly expanded during the reign of Hammurabi in the first half of the 18th century BC, during the reign of Hammurabi and afterwards, Babylonia was called Māt Akkadī the country of Akkad in the Akkadian language. It was often involved in rivalry with its older fellow Akkadian-speaking state of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia and it retained the Sumerian language for religious use, but by the time Babylon was founded, this was no longer a spoken language, having been wholly subsumed by Akkadian. The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad. During the 3rd millennium BC, a cultural symbiosis occurred between Sumerian and Akkadian-speakers, which included widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian and vice versa is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a scale, to syntactic, morphological. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the millennium as a sprachbund. Traditionally, the religious center of all Mesopotamia was the city of Nippur. The empire eventually disintegrated due to decline, climate change and civil war. Sumer rose up again with the Third Dynasty of Ur in the late 22nd century BC and they also seem to have gained ascendancy over most of the territory of the Akkadian kings of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia for a time. The states of the south were unable to stem the Amorite advance, King Ilu-shuma of the Old Assyrian Empire in a known inscription describes his exploits to the south as follows, The freedom of the Akkadians and their children I established. I established their freedom from the border of the marshes and Ur and Nippur, Awal, past scholars originally extrapolated from this text that it means he defeated the invading Amorites to the south, but there is no explicit record of that. More recently, the text has been taken to mean that Asshur supplied the south with copper from Anatolia and these policies were continued by his successors Erishum I and Ikunum. During the first centuries of what is called the Amorite period and his reign was concerned with establishing statehood amongst a sea of other minor city states and kingdoms in the region. However Sumuabum appears never to have bothered to give himself the title of King of Babylon, suggesting that Babylon itself was only a minor town or city. He was followed by Sumu-la-El, Sabium, Apil-Sin, each of whom ruled in the same manner as Sumuabum. Sin-Muballit was the first of these Amorite rulers to be regarded officially as a king of Babylon, the Elamites occupied huge swathes of southern Mesopotamia, and the early Amorite rulers were largely held in vassalage to Elam

2. Рассам, Ормуз – He is accepted as the first-known Chaldeans, Ottoman and Middle Eastern archaeologist. He was known to be Christian, later in life, he emigrated to the United Kingdom, where he was naturalized as a British citizen, settling in Brighton. He represented the government as a diplomat, helping to free British diplomats from captivity in Ethiopia, Hormuzd Rassam was an indigenous Chaldean born in Mosul in Upper Mesopotamia, then part of the Ottoman Empire. His parents were Christians, members of the Chaldean Catholic Church and his father, Anton Rassam, was from Mosul, and was archdeacon in the Assyrian Church of the East, his mother Theresa was a daughter of Isaak Halabee of Aleppo, also then within the Ottoman Empire. Hormuzds brother was British Vice-Consul in Mosul, which was how he obtained his start with Layard, at the age of 20 in 1846, Rassam was hired by British archaeologist Austen Henry Layard as a pay master at Nimrud, a nearby Assyrian excavation site. Layard, who was in Mosul on his first expedition, was impressed by the hard-working Rassam and took him under his wing, Layard provided an opportunity for Rassam to travel to England and study at Magdalen College, Oxford. He studied there for 18 months before accompanying Layard on his expedition to Iraq. Layard left archeology to begin a political career, Rassam continued field work at Nimrud and Nineveh, where he made a number of important and independent discoveries. These included the clay tablets that would later be deciphered by George Smith as the Epic of Gilgamesh, the worlds oldest written narrative poem. The tablets description of a flood myth written 1000 years prior to the earliest record of the Biblical story of Noah, in 1866, an international crisis arose in Ethiopia when British missionaries were taken hostage by Emperor Tewodros II. England decided to send Rassam as an ambassador with a message from Queen Victoria in the hope of resolving the situation peacefully, after being delayed for about a year in Massawa, Rassam at last received permission from the Emperor to enter his realm. At first his effort seemed promising, as the Emperor established him at Qorata, a village on the shores of Lake Tana. The emperor sent the British consul Charles Duncan Cameron, the missionary Henry Aaron Stern, however, about this time Charles Tilstone Beke, arrived at Massawa, and forwarded letters from the hostages families to Tewodros asking for their release. At the least Bekes actions only made Tewodros suspicious, the monarch suddenly changed his mind, and made Rassam a prisoner as well. Rassams reputation was damaged in newspaper accounts because he was portrayed as ineffectual in dealing with the emperor. This reflected Victorian prejudices of the time against Orientals, however, Rassam did have supporters, both in the press and especially in Government amongst both Liberal and Tory ministers. it shown by Mr. prisoners in the most serious risk. Queen Victoria presented him with a purse of £5,000 for services rendered as her envoy in the crisis, Rassam resumed his archaeological work, but did undertake other tasks for the British government in later years. During the Russo-Turkish War, he undertook a mission of inquiry to report on the condition of the Assyrian, Armenian, from 1877 to 1882, while undertaking four expeditions on behalf of the British Museum, Rassam made some important discoveries

3. Самария – The name Samaria is derived from the ancient city of Samaria, the capital of the northern Kingdom of Israel. Since 1967, Samaria has been used by Israeli officials to refer to the north of the West Bank, as the administrative Judea, Jordan ceded its claim to the area to the Palestine Liberation Organization in August 1988. In 1994, control of Areas A and B were transferred by Israel to the Palestinian Authority, the Palestinian Authority and the international community do not recognize the term Samaria, in modern times, the territory is generally known as part of the West Bank. According to the Hebrew Bible, the Hebrew name Shomron is derived from the individual Shemer, in modern times, Samaria was one of six administrative districts of the Mandatory Palestine. The fact that the mountain was called Shomeron when Omri bought it may indicate that an earlier etymology of the name may be watch mountain. In the earlier cuneiform inscriptions, Samaria is designated under the name of Bet Ḥumri, but in those of Tiglath-Pileser III and later it is called Samirin, after its Aramaic name. To the north, Samaria is bounded by the Jezreel Valley, to the east by the Jordan Rift Valley, to the west by the Carmel Ridge, in Biblical times, Samaria reached from the sea to the Jordan Valley, including the Carmel Ridge and Plain of Sharon. The Samarian hills are not very high, seldom reaching the height of over 800 metres, samarias climate is more hospitable than the climate further south. The mountain ranges in the south of the region continue into Judaea without a clear division, according to the Hebrew Bible, the Israelites captured the region known as Samaria from the Canaanites and assigned it to the Tribe of Joseph. After the death of King Solomon, the tribes, including those of Samaria, separated from the southern tribes. Initially its capital was Tirzah until the time of King Omri, in 726–722 BC, the new king of Assyria, Shalmaneser V, invaded Canaan and besieged the city of Samaria. After an assault of three years, the city fell and much of its population was taken into captivity and deported, little documentation exists for the period between the fall of Samaria and the end of the Assyrian Empire. In the Bible, Samaria was condemned by the Hebrew prophets for its ivory houses, in 6 AD the region became part of the Roman province of Judaea, after the death of king Herod the Great. The New Testament mentions Samaria in Luke 17, 11–20, in the healing of the ten lepers. John 4, 1–26 records Jesus encounter at Jacobs Well with the woman of Sychar, in Acts 8,2 it is recorded that the early community of disciples of Jesus began to be persecuted in Jerusalem and were scattered throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria. Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached and healed the sick there, in the time of Jesus, Iudaea of the Romans was divided into the toparchies of Judea, Samaria, Galilee and the Paralia. Samaria occupied the centre of Iudaea, in the Talmud, Samaria is called the land of the Cuthim. The 1947 UN partition plan called for the Arab state to consist of several parts, as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, most of the territory was unilaterally incorporated as Jordanian-controlled territory and was administered as part of the West Bank

4. Саргон II – Sargon II was an Assyrian king. A son of Tiglath-Pileser III, he came to power relatively late in life, the Neo-Assyrian pronunciation of the name was presumably /sargi, n/ or /sarga, n/, the spelling Sargon is based on the Biblical form of the name, mentioned in Isaiah 20,1. The regnal number is modern, applied for disambiguation from the Old Assyrian king Sargon I, Sargon II was a son of Tiglath-Pileser III and appears to have seized the throne from his brother, Shalmaneser V in a violent coup. Sargon was already middle-aged when he came to the throne, and was assisted by his son, Sargons brother, Sinahusur, served as his grand vizier. Sargon was beset with rebellions by the beginning of his rule. Marduk-apla-iddina II, a chieftain of the Chaldean tribes in the marshes of the south, in 720 BC, Sargon and Marduk-apla-iddina met in battle on the plains east of Babylon. The Elamite troops were able to back the Assyrian army, and he retained control of the south. In 717 BC, the Syro-Hittite city of Carchemish on the Upper Euphrates rebelled, Carchemish was a small kingdom situated at an important Euphrates crossing. Sargon violated existing treaties in attacking the city, but with the wealth seized was able to continue to fund his army. In 716 BC he moved against the Mannaeans, where the ruler Aza, Sargon took the capital Izirtu, and stationed troops in Parsuash and Kar-Nergal. He built new bases in Media as well, the one being Harhar which he renamed Kar-Sharrukin. In 715 BC, others were to follow, Kar-Nabu, Kar-Sin and Kar-Ishtar — all named after Babylonian gods, the eighth campaign of Sargon against Urartu in 714 BC is well known from a letter from Sargon to the god Ashur and the bas-reliefs in the palace of Dur-Sharrukin. The reliefs show the difficulties of the terrain, the war-chariots had to be dismantled and carried by soldiers, the campaign was probably motivated by the fact that the Urartians had been weakened by incursions of the Cimmerians, a nomadic steppe tribe. One Urartian army had completely annihilated, and the general Qaqqadanu taken prisoner. After reaching Lake Urmia, he turned east and entered Zikirtu, the battle is described as the usual carnage, but King Rusas managed to escape. The horses of his chariot had been killed by Assyrian spears, forcing him to ride a mare in order to get away, Sargon plundered the fertile lands at the southern and western shore of Lake Urmia, felling orchards and burning the harvest. In the royal resort of Ulhu, the wine-cellar of the Urartian kings was plundered, Sargon claims to have destroyed 430 empty villages. After reaching Lake Van, Sargon left Urartu via Uaiaish, in Hubushkia he received the tribute of the Nairi lands

5. Талмуд – The Talmud is a central text of Rabbinic Judaism. It is also referred to as Shas, a Hebrew abbreviation of shisha sedarim, the six orders. Talmud translates literally as instruction in Hebrew, and the term may refer to either the Gemara alone, or the Mishnah, the entire Talmud consists of 63 tractates, and in standard print is over 6,200 pages long. The Talmud is the basis for all codes of Jewish law, Rabbis expounded and debated the Torah and discussed the Tanakh without the benefit of written works, though some may have made private notes, for example of court decisions. It is during this period that rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing, the earliest recorded oral Torah may have been of the midrashic form, in which halakhic discussion is structured as exegetical commentary on the Pentateuch. But an alternative form, organized by subject matter instead of by biblical verse, became dominant about the year 200 CE, the Oral Torah was far from monolithic, rather, it varied among various schools. The most famous two were the School of Shammai and the School of Hillel, in general, all valid opinions, even the non-normative ones, were recorded in the Talmud. The oldest full manuscript of the Talmud, known as the Munich Talmud, each tractate is divided into chapters,517 in total, that are both numbered according to the Hebrew alphabet and given names, usually using the first one or two words in the first mishnah. A perek may continue over several pages, each perek will contain several mishnayot with their accompanying exchanges that form the building-blocks of the Gemara, the name for a passage of gemara is a sugya. A sugya, including baraita or tosefta, will comprise a detailed proof-based elaboration of a Mishnaic statement. A sugya may, and often does, range widely off the subject of the mishnah, in a given sugya, scriptural, Tannaic and Amoraic statements are cited to support the various opinions. In so doing, the Gemara will highlight semantic disagreements between Tannaim and Amoraim, and compare the Mishnaic views with passages from the Baraita. Rarely are debates formally closed, in instances, the final word determines the practical law. There is a literature on the procedural principles to be used in settling the practical law when disagreements exist, see under #Logic. The Mishnah is a compilation of legal opinions and debates, statements in the Mishnah are typically terse, recording brief opinions of the rabbis debating a subject, or recording only an unattributed ruling, apparently representing a consensus view. The rabbis recorded in the Mishnah are known as the Tannaim, the Mishnahs topical organization thus became the framework of the Talmud as a whole. But not every tractate in the Mishnah has a corresponding Gemara, also, the order of the tractates in the Talmud differs in some cases from that in the Mishnah. In addition to the Mishnah, other tannaitic teachings were current at about the time or shortly thereafter

6. Самаритяне – The Samaritans are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant originating from the Israelites of the Ancient Near East. Samaritans used to include descendants who ascribed to the Benjamin tribe, in the Talmud, a central post-exilic religious text of Rabbinic Judaism, the Samaritans are called Cutheans, referring to the ancient city of Kutha, geographically located in what is today Iraq. In the Biblical account, however, Kuthah was one of cities from which people were brought to Samaria. Genetically, modern Samaritan populations are found to have greater affinity genetically to Jews than to neighbouring Palestinian Arabs. This suggests that the Samaritans remained an isolated population. The Samaritans are adherents of Samaritanism, a closely related to Judaism. The Samaritans believe that Mount Gerizim was the original Holy Place of Israel from the time that Joshua conquered Canaan, once a large community, the Samaritan population appears to have shrunk significantly in the wake of the bloody suppression of the Samaritan Revolts against the Byzantine Empire. Conversion to Christianity under the Byzantines also reduced their numbers, conversions to Islam took place as well, and by the mid Middle Ages Benjamin of Tudela estimated only around 1,900 Samaritans remained in Palestine and Syria. As of January 1,2015, the population was 777, most Samaritans in Holon and Qiryat Luza today speak Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew and later Aramaic were languages in use by the Jewish, Samaritans have a standalone religious status in Israel, and there are occasional conversions from Judaism to Samaritanism and vice-versa due to marriages. One example is Israeli TV personality Sofi Tsedaka, who converted to Rabbinic Judaism at the age of 18. Samaritans with Israeli citizenship are obligated to undertake service in the Israel Defense Forces. There is conflict over the etymology of the name for the Samaritans in Hebrew and this has accompanied controversy over whether the Samaritans are named after the geographic area of Samaria, or whether the area received its name from the group. This distinction is controversial in part because different interpretations can be used to justify or deny claims of ancestry over this region, Biblical Hebrew Šomerim ) Guardians comes from the Hebrew Semitic root שמר, which means to watch, guard. Historically, Samaria was the key geographical concentration of the Samaritan community, thus, it may suggest the region of Samaria is named after the Samaritans, rather than the Samaritans being named after the region. In Modern Hebrew, the Samaritans are called Shomronim, which would appear to mean inhabitants of Samaria. This is a politically sensitive distinction, according to Samaritan tradition, Mount Gerizim was the original Holy Place of the Israelites from the time that Joshua conquered Canaan and the tribes of Israel settled the land. The two mountains were used to symbolize the significance of the commandments and serve as a warning to whoever disobeyed them

7. Древняя Месопотамия – While in the Paleolithic and early Neolithic periods only parts of Upper Mesopotamia were occupied, the southern alluvium was settled during the late Neolithic period. Mesopotamia has been home to many of the oldest major civilizations, entering history from the Early Bronze Age, Mesopotamia literally means between rivers in ancient Greek. The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BC, later it was more generally applied to all the lands between the Euphrates and the Tigris, thereby incorporating not only parts of Syria but also almost all of Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The neighbouring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the part of the Zagros Mountains are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia. A further distinction is made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia. Upper Mesopotamia, also known as the Jezirah, is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to Baghdad, Lower Mesopotamia is the area from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf. In modern scientific usage, the term Mesopotamia often also has a chronological connotation. It is usually used to designate the area until the Arab Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD, with Arabic names like Syria, Jezirah, two types of chronologies can be distinguished, a relative chronology and an absolute chronology. The former establishes the order of phases, periods, cultures and reigns, in archaeology, relative chronologies are established by carefully excavating archaeological sites and reconstructing their stratigraphy – the order in which layers were deposited. In general, newer remains are deposited on top of older material, absolute chronologies are established by dating remains, or the layers in which they are found, through absolute dating methods. These methods include radiocarbon dating and the record that can provide year names or calendar dates. By combining absolute and relative dating methods, a framework has been built for Mesopotamia that still incorporates many uncertainties. In this framework, many prehistorical and early historical periods have been defined on the basis of culture that is thought to be representative for each period. These periods are named after the site at which the material was recognized for the first time, as is for example the case for the Halaf, Ubaid. When historical documents become widely available, periods tend to be named after the dominant dynasty or state, examples of this are the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods. While reigns of kings can be securely dated for the 1st millennium BC, there is a large error margin toward the 2nd. Despite problems with the Middle Chronology, this chronological framework continues to be used by many recent handbooks on the archaeology, a study from 2001 published high-resolution radiocarbon dates from Turkey supporting dates for the 2nd millennium BC that are very close to those proposed by the Middle Chronology. This transition has been documented at sites like Abu Hureyra and Mureybet, Jarmo Samarra culture Halaf culture The Fertile Crescent was inhabited by several distinct, flourishing cultures between the end of the last ice age and the beginning of history

8. Аккад – The empire united all the Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule. The Akkadian Empire controlled Mesopotamia, the Levant, and eastern and southern parts of Anatolia and Iran, sending military expeditions as far south as Dilmun and Magan in the Arabian Peninsula. During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed an intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere between the 3rd and the 2nd millennia BC, the Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests by its founder Sargon of Akkad. Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though there are earlier Sumerian claimants, the Bible refers to Akkad in Genesis 10,10, which states that the beginning of Nimrods kingdom was in the land of Akkad. Nimrod is a Hebrew name not attested in Mesopotamians sources, many have pointed out similarities with the legend of Gilgamesh who founded Uruk, which is said to be the city Nimrod came to power. Today, some 7,000 texts from the Akkadian period alone are known, many later texts from the successor states of Assyria and Babylonia also deal with the Akkadian Empire. Understanding of the Akkadian Empire continues to be hampered by the fact that its capital Akkad has not yet been located, likewise, material that is thought to be Akkadian continues to be in use into the Ur III period. Many of the recent insights on the Akkadian Empire have come from excavations in the Upper Khabur area in modern northeastern Syria which was to become a part of Assyria after the fall of Akkad. For example, excavations at Tell Mozan brought to light a sealing of Taram-Agade, an unknown daughter of Naram-Sin. The excavators at nearby Tell Leilan have used the results from their investigations to argue that the Akkadian Empire came to an end due to a sudden drought, the so-called 4.2 kiloyear event. The impact of this event on Mesopotamia in general, and on the Akkadian Empire in particular. The Akkadian Period is contemporary with, EB IV, EB IVA and EJ IV, the absolute dates of their reigns are approximate. The Akkadian Empire takes its name from the region and city of Akkad, although the city of Akkad has not yet been identified on the ground, it is known from various textual sources. Among these is at least one text predating the reign of Sargon, together with the fact that the name Akkad is of non-Akkadian origin, this suggests that the city of Akkad may have already been occupied in pre-Sargonic times. Sargon of Akkad defeated and captured Lugal-Zage-Si in the Battle of Uruk, the earliest records in the Akkadian language date to the time of Sargon. Sargon was claimed to be the son of Laibum or Itti-Bel, a humble gardener, One legend related of Sargon in Assyrian times says that My mother was a changeling, my father I knew not

9. Третья династия Ура – The Third Dynasty of Ur is commonly abbreviated as Ur III by historians studying the period. The Third Dynasty of Ur was the last Sumerian dynasty which came to preeminent power in Mesopotamia and it began after several centuries of control by Akkadian and Gutian kings. It controlled the cities of Isin, Larsa and Eshnunna and extended as far north as the Jazira, the Third Dynasty of Ur arose some time after the fall of the Akkad Dynasty. Their last king, Tirigan, was out by Utu-hengal of Uruk. Following Utu-Hengals reign, Ur-Nammu founded the Third Dynasty of Ur, the Sumerian King List tells us that Utu-hengal had reigned for seven years, although only one year-name for him is known from records, that of his accession, suggesting a shorter reign. It is possible that Ur-Nammu was originally his governor, there are two stelae discovered in Ur that include this detail in an inscription about Ur-Nammus life. Some scholars theorize that Ur-Nammu led a revolt against Utu-hengal, deposed him, another hypothesis is that Ur-Nammu was a close relative to Utu-hengal, and the latter had asked the former to rule over the city of Ur in his name. After four years of ruling in Ur, Ur-Nammu rose to prominence as a warrior-king when he crushed the ruler of Lagash in battle, after this battle, Ur-Nammu seems to have earned the title king of Sumer and Agade. Urs dominance over the Neo-Sumerian Empire was consolidated with the famous Code of Ur-Nammu, many significant changes occurred in the empire under Shulgis reign. He took steps to centralize and standardize the procedures of the empire and he is credited with standardizing administrative processes, archival documentation, the tax system, and the national calendar. He established an army of Ur. Shulgi was deified during his lifetime, an honor reserved for dead kings. With the fall of the Ur III Dynasty after an Elamite invasion in 2004/1940 BC, assyriologists employ many complicated methods for establishing the most precise dates possible for this period, but controversy still exists. Generally, scholars use either the conventional or the low chronologies and they are as follows, The land ruled by the Ur III kings was divided up into provinces that were each run by a governor. In certain tumultuous regions, military commanders assumed more power in governing, each province contained a redistribution center where provincial taxes, called bala, would all go to be shipped to the capital. Taxes could be payable in forms, from crops to livestock to land. The government would then apportion out goods as needed, including giving food rations to the needy and this is an area where scholars have many different views. It had long been posited that the laborer was nothing more than a serf

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Кута (древний город) - Howling Pixel

Кута, Кува (шум. Gudua) — город в Вавилонии, называемый в 4 кн. Царств (17) как одно из мест, где были поселены 10 племён Израиля и где они почитали местного бога Нергала.

Развалины города были открыты Ормузом Рассамом в 5 часах к северо-востоку от Вавилона, на холме Телль-Ибраим; можно даже узнать место храма Нергала и его жены. И в ассирийских гимнах Нергал упоминается как властелин Кута.

Множество жителей Куты были переселены в Самарию после завоевания её ассирийским царём Саргоном II.[1]

Имя кутийцев у сирян и в талмуде равнозначаще с самаритянами.

Древний город

Кута

Телль Ибрахим

Кута

Примечания

1. ↑ «И перевел царь Ассирийский людей из Вавилона, и из Куты, и из Аввы, и из Емафа, и из Сепарваима, и поселил их в городах Самарийских вместо сынов Израилевых. И они овладели Самариею, и стали жить в городах её» (4Цар. 17:24)

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Литература

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Реферат Кута (древний город)

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скачать Реферат на тему: Древний город Кута Страна ИракИрак Название городища Телль Ибрахим Координаты Координаты: 32°44′00″ с. ш. 44°40′00″ в. д. / 32.733333° с. ш. 44.666667° в. д. (G) (O)32.733333, 44.66666732°44′00″ с. ш. 44°40′00″ в. д. / 32.733333° с. ш. 44.666667° в. д. (G) (O) Кута, Кува (шум. Gudua) — город в Вавилонии, называемый в 4 кн. Царств (17) как одно из мест, где были поселены 10 племен Израиля и где они почитали местного бога Нергала. Развалины города были открыты Рассамом в 5 часах к северо-востоку от Вавилона, на холме Телль-Ибраим; можно даже узнать место храма Нергала и его жены. И в ассирийских гимнах Нергал упоминается как властелин Кута. Множество жителей Куты были переселены в Самарию после завоевания её ассирийским царём Саргоном II.[1] Имя кутийцев у сирян и в талмуде равнозначаще с самаритянами. Примечания «И перевел царь Ассирийский людей из Вавилона, и из Куты, и из Аввы, и из Емафа, и из Сепарваима, и поселил их в городах Самарийских вместо сынов Израилевых. И они овладели Самариею, и стали жить в городах ее» (4Цар.17:24 - ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Четвертая_книга_Царств#17:24) скачатьДанный реферат составлен на основе статьи из русской Википедии. Синхронизация выполнена 14.07.11 15:49:49Похожие рефераты: Армавир (древний город), Тира (древний город), Буто (древний город), Кута, Осада Эль-Кута, Штурм Эль-Кута, Кута (река), Герб Усть-Кута, Флаг Усть-Кута. Категории: Населённые пункты по алфавиту, Библейские места, Города Древнего Вавилона. Текст доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike.

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Кута - это... Что такое Кута?

Кута — город-курорт на юге индонезийского острова Бали (остров). Находится в 7 км к юго-западу от Денпасара на берегу Индийского океана. Практически слился со столицей в крупный городской агломерат.

Само расположение Куты предопределило ее статус главного курорта Бали. Кроме того, в Куте самые большие по протяженности пляжи с белым мелким песком и рядом международный аэропорт. В 1936 году это была бедная деревня, населенная крестьянами и рыбаками. Чета американцев, Роберт и Луиза Кэук, путешествуя по Бали, открыли для себя эти места и решили построить гостиницу в традиционном балийском стиле: несколько отдельных павильонов. Она получила название «Kuta Beach Hotel». Ещё одна американка Ваннина Уокер, которая принимала участие в борьбе за независимость Индонезии, открыла гостиницу с тем же названием.

Кута - центр серфинга.

В 1942 г., во время японской оккупации, отели были разрушены. В 1955 г. появился новый отель «Kuta Beach». Он также оставался единственным на протяжении 12 лет.

В то время Кута входила в треугольник ККК (Кабул, Катманду, Кута) — излюбленный маршрут поколения хиппи.

В 1967 г. на острове практически не было гостиниц, а те, которые были, не знали, что такое электричество. Первые хиппи останавливались в Денпасаре, а днём приезжали на пляжи Куты. Балийцы быстро оценили ситуацию и стали сдавать комнаты туристам. Открылось несколько ресторанов. Для австралийцев Кута показалась заманчивой из-за возможности заниматься сёрфингом.

К 1997 г. количество номеров в гостиницах увеличилась до 20000. В такой же прогрессии развивался и ресторанный бизнес. Изменился и состав туристических групп. Массовый туризм определил размах строительства. Выросли многоэтажные отели на 500 номеров. Открылись сотни магазинов. В разгар сезона в Легиане — Куте — Семиньяке население увеличивается до 200000 человек.

Сегодня Кута — крупный и популярный курорт из лабиринта маленьких улиц с частными домами, гостиницами и ресторанами.

Террористические акты в Куте

12 октября 2002 г. Кута подверглась террористическим ударам со стороны исламистов, в результате которых взрывами были полностью разрушены две дискотеки и убито 202 человека, преимущественно, граждан Австралии. Следующая серия терактов сотрясла Куту 1 октября 2005 г. Взрывы раздались в одном из ресторанов на торговой улице вблизи универмага «Matahari» и в двух ресторанах на пляже Джимбарана в 15 км от города.

Литература

• Головина Е. И. Бали. М.: Ле Пти Фюте, 2001

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