Список диктаторов Древнего Рима. Диктатор древний рим

Диктатор (Древний Рим) - WikiVisually

1. Диктатор – A dictator is a political leader who wields absolute power. A state ruled by a dictator is called a dictatorship, the word originated as the title of a magistrate in the Roman Republic appointed by the Senate to rule the republic in times of emergency. Like the term tyrant, and to a lesser degree autocrat, dictator came to be used almost exclusively as a term for oppressive, even abusive rule. The term dictator is comparable to – but not synonymous with – the ancient concept of a tyrant, initially tyrant, like dictator and they may hold left or right-wing views, or may be apolitical. Originally an emergency appointment in the Roman Republic, the term Dictator did not have the negative meaning it has now. A Dictator was a magistrate given sole power for a limited duration, at the end of the term, the Dictators power returned to normal Consular rule whereupon a dictator provided accountability, though not all dictators accepted a return to power sharing. Following Julius assassination, his heir Augustus was offered the title of dictator, later successions also denied the title of dictator, with the usage of the title soon diminishing among Roman rulers. As late as the half of the 19th Century, the term Dictator had occasional positive implications. For example, when creating an executive in Sicily during the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860. Shortly afterwards, during the 1863 January Uprising in Poland, Dictator was also the title of four leaders. Past that time, however, Dictator assumed a negative connotation. In popular usage, dictatorship is often associated with brutality and oppression, as a result, it is often also used as a term of abuse for political opponents. The term has come to be associated with megalomania. Many dictators create a cult of personality and have come to favor increasingly grandiloquent titles, in the movie The Great Dictator, Charlie Chaplin satirized not only Adolf Hitler but the institution of dictatorship itself. The association between the dictator and the military is a one, many dictators take great pains to emphasize their connections with the military. In other cases, the association is mere pretense, because of the negative associations, modern leaders very rarely use the term in their formal titles. The Dictatorial Government of Sicily was an executive government appointed by Giuseppe Garibaldi to rule Sicily. The government ended when Sicilys annexation into the Kingdom of Italy was ratified by plebiscite, Poland Józef Chłopicki was styled Dictator from 5 December 1830 – December 1830 and again in December 1830 –25 January 1831 Jan Tyssowski was Dictator from 24 February 1846 –2 March 1846

2. Древний Рим – In its many centuries of existence, the Roman state evolved from a monarchy to a classical republic and then to an increasingly autocratic empire. Through conquest and assimilation, it came to dominate the Mediterranean region and then Western Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and it is often grouped into classical antiquity together with ancient Greece, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the Greco-Roman world. Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern government, law, politics, engineering, art, literature, architecture, technology, warfare, religion, language and society. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called res publica, the inspiration for modern republics such as the United States and France. By the end of the Republic, Rome had conquered the lands around the Mediterranean and beyond, its domain extended from the Atlantic to Arabia, the Roman Empire emerged with the end of the Republic and the dictatorship of Augustus Caesar. 721 years of Roman-Persian Wars started in 92 BC with their first war against Parthia and it would become the longest conflict in human history, and have major lasting effects and consequences for both empires. Under Trajan, the Empire reached its territorial peak, Republican mores and traditions started to decline during the imperial period, with civil wars becoming a prelude common to the rise of a new emperor. Splinter states, such as the Palmyrene Empire, would divide the Empire during the crisis of the 3rd century. Plagued by internal instability and attacked by various migrating peoples, the part of the empire broke up into independent kingdoms in the 5th century. This splintering is a landmark historians use to divide the ancient period of history from the pre-medieval Dark Ages of Europe. King Numitor was deposed from his throne by his brother, Amulius, while Numitors daughter, Rhea Silvia, because Rhea Silvia was raped and impregnated by Mars, the Roman god of war, the twins were considered half-divine. The new king, Amulius, feared Romulus and Remus would take back the throne, a she-wolf saved and raised them, and when they were old enough, they returned the throne of Alba Longa to Numitor. Romulus became the source of the citys name, in order to attract people to the city, Rome became a sanctuary for the indigent, exiled, and unwanted. This caused a problem for Rome, which had a large workforce but was bereft of women, Romulus traveled to the neighboring towns and tribes and attempted to secure marriage rights, but as Rome was so full of undesirables they all refused. Legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins, after a long time in rough seas, they landed at the banks of the Tiber River. Not long after they landed, the men wanted to take to the sea again, one woman, named Roma, suggested that the women burn the ships out at sea to prevent them from leaving. At first, the men were angry with Roma, but they realized that they were in the ideal place to settle. They named the settlement after the woman who torched their ships, the Roman poet Virgil recounted this legend in his classical epic poem the Aeneid

3. Римская республика – It was during this period that Romes control expanded from the citys immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. During the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, by the following century, it included North Africa, most of the Iberian Peninsula, and what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar. The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation, Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. Over time, the laws that gave exclusive rights to Romes highest offices were repealed or weakened. The leaders of the Republic developed a tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military. Many of Romes legal and legislative structures can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states, the exact causes and motivations for Romes military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism and they argue that Romes expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors, and the new contingencies that these decisions created. In its early history, as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy, with some important exceptions, successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation, but to the restoration of the way things were. But the defeated city would be weakened and thus able to resist Romanizing influences. It was also able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies. It was, therefore, more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome and this growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership within that confederacy. While there were exceptions to this, it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire and this shift mainly took place in parts of the west, such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal. In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking, in the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. This had some important similarities to the events in Italy centuries earlier, with some major exceptions of outright military rule, the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control

4. V век до н. э. – The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC. This century saw the establishment of Pataliputra as a capital of Magadha Empire and this city would later become the ruling capital of different Indian Kingdoms for about a thousand years. This period saw the rise of two great schools of the East, Jainism and Buddhism. This period saw Mahavira and Buddha spreading their teachings in Northern Plains of India. This essentially changed the socio-cultural and political dynamics of the region of South Asia, Buddhism would later go on to become one of the major world religions. This period also saw the work of Yaska, who created Nirukta, Ancient Greek philosophy developed during the 5th century BC, setting the foundation for Western ideology. In Athens and elsewhere in the Mediterranean world, the 5th century marked a point in the development of political institutions, art, architecture. The century was notable for the Persian Wars, fought between the Greek cities and the vast Persian Empire. His son Xerxes attempted to finish the job 10 years later, and succeeded in capturing Athens and burning it to the ground, and was defeated later on land at Plataea. In the latter part of the century the Greeks became locked in a war among themselves, with the major cities Athens. The Spartans were victorious in this battle, demotic becomes the dominant script of ancient Egypt. 499 BC, Aristagoras, acting on behalf of the Persian Empire,499 BC, Aristagoras instigates the Ionic Revolt, beginning the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia. 499 BC, Sardis destroyed by Athenian and Ionian troops,498 BC, Leontini subjugated by Hippocrates of Gela. 498 BC, Alexander I succeeds his father Amyntas I as king of Macedon,496 BC, Battle of Lake Regillus, A legendary early Roman victory, won over either the Etruscans or the Latins. 495 BC, Temple to Mercury on the Circus Maximus in Rome is built,494 BC, The Battle of Lade, where Persians take back Ionia. 494 BC, Two tribunes of the plebs and two plebeian aediles are elected for the first time in Rome, the office of the tribunate is established,494 BC, The year Rome changed from an Aristocratic Republic to a Liberalized Republic. 493 BC, Piraeus, the town of Athens, is founded. 493 BC, Coriolanus captures the Volscian town of Corioli for Rome,492 BC, First expedition of King Darius I of Persia against Greece, under the leadership of his son-in-law Mardonius

5. I век до н. э. – The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC. The AD/BC notation does not use a zero, however, astronomical year numbering does use a zero, as well as a minus sign. This is the 100th century in the Holocene calendar, it spans the years 9,901 to 10,000, octavians ascension to total power as the emperor Augustus is considered to mark the point in history where the Roman Republic ends and the Roman Empire begins. Some scholars refer to this event as the Roman Revolution and it is believed that the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity took place at the close of this century. In the eastern mainland, the Han Dynasty began to decline, trapped in a difficult situation, the Xiongnu had to begin emigration to the west or attach themselves to the Han. 97 BC, Ariarathes VIII forced out of Cappadocia by Mithridates VI of Pontus,96 BC, Cyrene is left to the people of Rome by its ruler Ptolemy Apion. 96 BC, King Alexander Jannaeus of Judea wins the Siege of Gaza,95 BC, Tigranes the Great becomes king of Armenia 93 BC, Ariobarzanes I Philoromaios becomes king of Cappadocia with Roman backing. 91 BC, The assassination of Marcus Livius Drusus leads to the Social War in Italy 91 BC,89 BC, Mithridates VI of Pontuss invasion of Cappadocia leads to the First Mithridatic War with the Roman Republic. 88-87 BC, Sullas first civil war - Sulla marches on Rome and defeats Gaius Marius 86 BC,86 BC, The death of the regent of China Jin Midi unleashes the rivalry of his co-regents Shangguang Jie and Huo Guang. 85 BC, Sulla defeats the forces of Mithridates VI in Greece at the Battle of Orchomenus 85 BC,83 BC, Sulla makes peace with Mithridates VI and marches on Rome. 83-81 BC, Lucius Licinius Murena wages the Second Mithridatic War,82 BC, Sertorius flees from Sulla to North Africa via Hispania c.83 BC, Tigranes of Armenia takes control of Syria after the implosion of the Seleucid dynasty. 81 BC, End of Sullas second civil war - Sulla is appointed dictator of the Roman state,80 BC, Sertorius invades Hispania and sets up his own regime, beginning the Sertorian War. 80 BC, Conflict between the regents Shangguang Jie and Huo Guang results in the destruction of the Shangguang clan, C.80 BC, Maues, King of the Sakas, conquers Gandhara and Taxila. 77 BC, Fu Jiezi assassinated the king of Loulan on behalf of the Han dynasty, C.75 BC, Kanva dynasty replaces the Shunga dynasty in Magadha. 74 BC, Mithridates VI of Pontus disputes Nicomedes IV of Bithynias bequest of his kingdom to the Roman Republic,74 BC, Emperor Zhao of Han dies and is succeeded by the unsuitable Prince He of Changyi and then by Xuan. Huo Guang continues to be de facto ruler of China,73 BC, A slave rebellion led by the escaped gladiator Spartacus leads to the Third Servile War. 73-72 BC, Lucullus defeats Mithridates at Tenedos, Cyzicus, and the Rhyndacus and he flees east to Armenia 71 BC, Pompey the Great ends the Sertorian War,71 BC, Wusun and China attack the Xiongnu. 69 BC, Lucullus invades Armenia and reestablishes the Seleucids in Syria,68 BC, Pompey replaces Lucullus as leader of the Roman forces in the Third Mithridatic War

6. Консул (Древний Рим) – A consul was the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic, and the consulship was considered the highest level of the cursus honorum. Each year, two consuls were elected together, to serve for a one-year term, the consuls alternated in holding imperium each month, and a consuls imperium extended over Rome, Italy, and the provinces. Originally, consuls were called praetors, referring to their duties as the military commanders. By at least 300 BC the title of Consul was being used, in Greek, the title was originally rendered as στρατηγός ὕπατος, strategos hypatos, and later simply as ὕπατος. The consul was believed by the Romans to date back to the establishment of the Republic in 509 BC. These remained in place until the office was abolished in 367/366 BC, consuls had extensive powers in peacetime, and in wartime often held the highest military command. Additional religious duties included certain rites which, as a sign of their formal importance, consuls also read auguries, an essential step before leading armies into the field. Two consuls were elected each year, serving together, each with power over the others actions. It is thought that only patricians were eligible for the consulship. Consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, which had a bias in its voting structure which only increased over the years from its foundation. If a consul died during his term or was removed from office, a consul elected to start the year - called a consul ordinarius - held more prestige than a suffect consul, partly because the year would be named for ordinary consuls. The first plebeian consul, Lucius Sextius, was elected the following year and it is possible that only the chronology has been distorted, but it seems that one of the first consuls, Lucius Junius Brutus, came from a plebeian family. Another possible explanation is that during the 5th century social struggles, during times of war, the primary qualification for consul was military skill and reputation, but at all times the selection was politically charged. With the passage of time, the became the normal endpoint of the cursus honorum. When Lucius Cornelius Sulla regulated the cursus by law, the age of election to consul became. Beginning in the late Republic, after finishing a year, a former consul would usually serve a lucrative term as a proconsul. The most commonly chosen province for the proconsulship was Cisalpine Gaul, throughout the early years of the Principate although the consuls were still formally elected by the Comitia Centuriata, they were in fact nominated by the princeps. It was a post that would be occupied by a man halfway through his career, in his early thirties for a patrician, emperors frequently appointed themselves, or their protégés or relatives, consuls, even without regard to the age requirements

7. Сенат (Древний Рим) – The Roman Senate was a political institution in ancient Rome. It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history, during the days of the kingdom, it was little more than an advisory council to the king. The last king of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was following a coup détat led by Lucius Junius Brutus. During the early Republic, the Senate was politically weak, while the executive magistrates were quite powerful, since the transition from monarchy to constitutional rule was most likely gradual, it took several generations before the Senate was able to assert itself over the executive magistrates. By the middle Republic, the Senate had reached the apex of its republican power, the late Republic saw a decline in the Senates power, which began following the reforms of the tribunes Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. After the transition of the Republic into the Principate, the Senate lost much of its power as well as its prestige. Following the constitutional reforms of the Emperor Diocletian, the Senate became politically irrelevant, when the seat of government was transferred out of Rome, the Senate was reduced to a municipal body. This decline in status was reinforced when the emperor Constantine the Great created an additional senate in Constantinople, the Senate in Rome ultimately disappeared at some point after AD603, although the title senator was still used well into the Middle Ages as a largely meaningless honorific. However, the Eastern Senate survived in Constantinople, until the ancient institution finally vanished there c. 14th century, the senate was a political institution in the ancient Roman kingdom. The word senate derives from the Latin word senex, which means old man, the early Roman family was called a gens or clan, and each clan was an aggregation of families under a common living male patriarch, called a pater. When the early Roman gentes were aggregating to form a common community, over time, the patres came to recognize the need for a single leader, and so they elected a king, and vested in him their sovereign power. When the king died, that power naturally reverted to the patres. The senate is said to have created by Romes first king, Romulus. The descendants of those 100 men subsequently became the patrician class, Romes fifth king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, chose a further 100 senators. They were chosen from the leading families, and were accordingly called the patres minorum gentium. Romes seventh and final king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, executed many of the men in the senate. During the years of the monarchy, the senates most important function was to new kings. While the king was elected by the people, it was actually the senate who chose each new king

8. Ликтор – A lictor was a Roman civil servant who was a bodyguard to magistrates who held imperium. Lictors were used since the Roman Kingdom, and according to Roman historian Livy, according to Livy, lictors were introduced by Romes first king, Romulus, who appointed 12 lictors to attend him. Livy refers to two competing traditions for the reason that Romulus chose that number of lictors, the first version is that 12 was the number of birds that appeared in the augury, which had portended the kingdom to Romulus. The second version, favoured by Livy, is that the number of lictors was borrowed from the Etruscan kings, originally, lictors were chosen from the plebs, but through most of Roman history, they seemed to have been freedmen. Centurions from the legions were also eligible to become lictors on retirement from the army. They were, however, definitely Roman citizens, since they wore togas inside Rome, a lictor had to be a strongly built man, capable of physical work. Lictors were exempted from service, received a fixed salary. Usually, they were chosen by the magistrate they were supposed to serve. Lictors were associated with Comitia Curiata and, probably, one was selected from each curia. The lictors main task was to attend as bodyguards to magistrates who held imperium and they carried rods decorated with fasces and, outside the pomerium, with axes that symbolized the power to carry out capital punishment. Dictatorial lictors had axes even within the pomerium and they followed the magistrate wherever he went, including the Forum, his house, temples, and the baths. Lictors were organized in a line before him, with the primus lictor directly in front of him. If there was a crowd, the lictors opened the way and kept their master safe, pushing all aside except for Roman matrons and they also had to stand beside the magistrate whenever he addressed the crowd. Magistrates could only dispense with their lictors if they were visiting a city or addressing a higher status magistrate. Lictors also had legal and penal duties, they could, at their masters command, arrest Roman citizens, a Vestal Virgin was accorded a lictor when her presence was required at a public ceremony. The degree of magistrates imperium was symbolised by the number of lictors escorting him, sometimes, lictors were ascribed to private citizens on special occasions, such as funerals or political reunions, as a show of respect by the city. The lictor curiatus was a kind of lictor who did not carry rods or fasces. There were approximately 30 of them, serving at the command of the Pontifex Maximus and they were present at sacrifices where they carried or guided sacrificial animals to the altars

9. Комиции – The Roman Assemblies were institutions in ancient Rome. They functioned as the machinery of the Roman legislative branch, since the assemblies operated on the basis of direct democracy, ordinary citizens, and not elected representatives, would cast all ballots. The assemblies were subject to checks on their power by the executive branch. Laws were passed by Curia, Tribes, and Centuries, when the city of Rome was founded, a senate and an assembly, the Curiate Assembly, were both created. The Curiate Assembly was the legislative assembly during the era of the Roman Kingdom. While its primary purpose was to new kings, it also possessed rudimentary legislative powers. Shortly after the founding of the Roman Republic, the legislative authority shifted to two new assemblies, the Tribal Assembly and the Centuriate Assembly. Eventually, most legislative powers were transferred to another assembly, the Plebeian Council, ultimately, it was the Plebeian Council that disrupted the balance between the senate, the legislative branch, and the executive branch. This led to the collapse of the republic, and the founding of the Roman Empire in 27 BC, under the empire, the powers that had been held by the assemblies were transferred to the senate. While the assemblies eventually lost their last semblance of political power, eventually, however, the assemblies were ultimately abandoned. The Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Kingdom were political institutions in the ancient Roman Kingdom, while one assembly, the Curiate Assembly, had some legislative powers, these powers involved nothing more than a right to symbolically ratify decrees issued by the Roman King. The functions of the assembly, the Calate Assembly, were purely religious. During the years of the kingdom, the People of Rome were organized on the basis of units called Curia, all of the People of Rome were divided amongst a total of thirty Curiae. These Curiae were the units of division in the two popular assemblies. The members in each Curia would vote, and the majority in each Curia would determine how that Curia voted before the assembly, thus, a majority of the Curiae were needed during any vote before either the Curiate Assembly or the Calculate Assembly. The Curiate Assembly was an assembly with political significance during the period of the Roman Kingdom. The king presided over the assembly, and submitted decrees to it for ratification, after a king died, the Interrex selected a candidate to replace the king. After the nominee received the approval of the Roman Senate, the Interrex held the election before the Curiate Assembly

10. Гай Юлий Цезарь – Gaius Julius Caesar, known as Julius Caesar, was a Roman politician, general, and notable author of Latin prose. He played a role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed an alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to power as Populares were opposed by the Optimates within the Roman Senate. Caesars victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, extended Romes territory to the English Channel, Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both the Channel and the Rhine, when he built a bridge across the Rhine and crossed the Channel to invade Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey, with the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. Caesar refused the order, and instead marked his defiance in 49 BC by crossing the Rubicon with the 13th Legion, leaving his province, Civil war resulted, and Caesars victory in the war put him in an unrivalled position of power and influence. After assuming control of government, Caesar began a programme of social and governmental reforms and he centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed dictator in perpetuity, giving him additional authority. But the underlying political conflicts had not been resolved, and on the Ides of March 44 BC, a new series of civil wars broke out, and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored. Caesars adopted heir Octavian, later known as Augustus, rose to power after defeating his opponents in the civil war. Octavian set about solidifying his power, and the era of the Roman Empire began, much of Caesars life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns, and from other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources, Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. Caesar was born into a family, the gens Julia. The cognomen Caesar originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by Caesarean section. The Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations, that the first Caesar had a head of hair, that he had bright grey eyes. Caesar issued coins featuring images of elephants, suggesting that he favored this interpretation of his name, despite their ancient pedigree, the Julii Caesares were not especially politically influential, although they had enjoyed some revival of their political fortunes in the early 1st century BC. Caesars father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, governed the province of Asia and his mother, Aurelia Cotta, came from an influential family. Little is recorded of Caesars childhood, in 85 BC, Caesars father died suddenly, so Caesar was the head of the family at 16

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Диктатор Древнего Рима

21 Апр 2017

Cursus honorum dictator, диктатор, магистрат Просмотров: 366

Диктатор — чрезвычайное должностное лицо (магистрат) в Римской республике (V век до н. э. — I век до н. э.), назначавшееся консулами по решению сената максимум на 6 месяцев при крайней опасности (внутренних неурядицах, военной опасности и т. д.), когда признавалось необходимым передать власть в руки одного лица.

Древнее название этих чрезвычайых правителей было magister populi, a назначавшийся диктатором, подчиненный ему и, в случае надобности, заменявший его сановник, командовавший конницей, назывался magister equitum.

Назначение диктатора состояло из трех шагов:

1. Сенат выносил чрезвычайный сенатусконсульт (постановление), выражавшийся в формуле: «Пусть консулы примут меры, чтобы государство не претерпело ущерба». Сенат решал: нужна ли подобная неограниченная власть при данных обстоятельствах.
2. Консулы называли имя диктатора и тотчас распускали своих ликторов, которые все переходили к диктатору (диктатору полагалось 24 ликтора, тогда как консулам — по 12).
3. Куриатские комиции утверждали назначение диктаторов, предоставляя им всю полноту государственной власти (империум), посредством принятия закона, известного как lex curiata de imperio (Куриатный закон об империи).

После назначения диктатора консулы оказывались перед ним рядовыми гражданами, и он имел над ними право жизни и смерти, как и над всеми гражданами, кроме народных трибунов. По назначении, диктатор выбирал себе помощника — начальника конницы (лат. magister equitum).

Ликторы консулов несли в пределах померия только фасции, и лишь за чертой города еще и топоры, но ликторы диктаторов несли топоры постоянно. Это, видимо, должно было означать, что диктаторы унаследовали царское ius vitae necisque. То есть, если консулы обладали топорами как символом полномочий для борьбы с врагом, как выражением imperium militiae (за пределами города они выступали как командующие войсками), то диктаторы, как ранее цари, имели оружие и как олицетворение права казни сограждан.

Диктатор обладал всей полнотой государственной власти. При назначении диктатора к его титулу всегда прибавлялась причина его избрания (например, Dictator rei gerundae causa, диктатор, избиравшийся на случай военной опасности для ведения войны). Диктатор не мог быть привлечен к ответственности после окончания срока своих полномочий, за любые совершенные им действия.

На приговор диктатора до IV века до н. э. нельзя было подать апелляцию народному собранию (комиции). Обычно диктатору повиновались все должностные лица, включая консулов.

В то же время, власть диктатора не была абсолютной. Диктатор не контролировал казну государства и мог расходовать средства только с согласия сената. Он также не мог покидать пределы Италии, так как в этом случае он мог стать опасным для республики (только Атилий Калатин стал исключением из этого правила). Кроме того, диктатор не мог передвигаться на коне внутри Рима, так как в этом случае сходство с царём было бы слишком велико.

Первоначально на должность диктатора могли назначаться только патриции, но с 356 г. до н. э. — также плебеи. Гай Марций Рутил был (356 г. до н. э.) был первым диктатором из этого сословия. Последним диктатором rei gerundae causa был Марк Юний Пера, избрание которого последовало в 216 г. до н. э., после битвы при Каннах.

Иногда диктатор избирался для исполнения какого-нибудь одного поручения, например, диктатор для забития гвоздя (религиозный ритуал во время праздника).

После 202 г. до н. э. не было диктатора до 82 г. до н. э., когда Сулла получил новый род диктатуры для устройства государства, rei publicae constituendae causa, на неопределенное время; он сложил ее с себя добровольно через три года. Но эта и диктатура Юлия Цезаря (dictator perpetuo rei publicae constituendae causa) была по форме — отчасти, а по существу — вполне отлична от древней диктатуры. После смерти Цезаря диктатура была отменена навсегда; Октавиан отверг ее, когда ее ему предложили.

Должность диктатора была отменена в 44 г. до н. э. Марком Антонием.

В первом веке до нашей эры злоупотребление служебным положением привело к Великой депрессии, гражданской войне и концу республики.

Причины назначения диктаторов (causa)

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Список диктаторов Древнего Рима - это... Что такое Список диктаторов Древнего Рима?

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Список диктаторов Древнего Рима - это... Что такое Список диктаторов Древнего Рима?

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Список диктаторов Древнего Рима - это... Что такое Список диктаторов Древнего Рима?

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Список диктаторов Древнего Рима - это... Что такое Список диктаторов Древнего Рима?

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Список диктаторов Древнего Рима — Википедия (с комментариями)

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Диктаторы в Древнем Риме назначались по строго определённым причинам:

• rei gerundae causa — для ведения войны;
• clavi figendi causa — для забивания гвоздя в храме Юпитера;
• quaestionibus exercendis — для проведения судебных процессов;
• seditionis sedandae causa — для подавления мятежа;
• ludorum faciendorum causa — для проведения общественных игр;
• feriarum constituendarum causa — для проведения празднеств;
• comitiorum habendorum causa — для проведения комиций;
• legendo senatui — для пополнения сената;
• legibus faciendis et rei publicae constituendae causa — для проведения законов и для приведения республики в порядок.

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Примечания

1. ↑ Возможно, одно лицо и одна и та же диктатура с Манием Валерием Максимом, 494 до н. э.
2. ↑ 1 2 Возможно, был не диктатором, а интеррексом
3. ↑ 1 2 3 Согласно Ливию, Брут был диктатором, но по консульским фастам — начальником конницы
4. ↑ Назначен, но не успел вступить в должность, см. [ancientrome.ru/publik/article.htm?a=1262117183 Геше Х. — Назначал ли Цезарь Октавиана своим начальником конницы?]

Отрывок, характеризующий Список диктаторов Древнего Рима

Когда все поехали назад от Пелагеи Даниловны, Наташа, всегда всё видевшая и замечавшая, устроила так размещение, что Луиза Ивановна и она сели в сани с Диммлером, а Соня села с Николаем и девушками. Николай, уже не перегоняясь, ровно ехал в обратный путь, и всё вглядываясь в этом странном, лунном свете в Соню, отыскивал при этом всё переменяющем свете, из под бровей и усов свою ту прежнюю и теперешнюю Соню, с которой он решил уже никогда не разлучаться. Он вглядывался, и когда узнавал всё ту же и другую и вспоминал, слышав этот запах пробки, смешанный с чувством поцелуя, он полной грудью вдыхал в себя морозный воздух и, глядя на уходящую землю и блестящее небо, он чувствовал себя опять в волшебном царстве. – Соня, тебе хорошо? – изредка спрашивал он. – Да, – отвечала Соня. – А тебе ? На середине дороги Николай дал подержать лошадей кучеру, на минутку подбежал к саням Наташи и стал на отвод. – Наташа, – сказал он ей шопотом по французски, – знаешь, я решился насчет Сони. – Ты ей сказал? – спросила Наташа, вся вдруг просияв от радости. – Ах, какая ты странная с этими усами и бровями, Наташа! Ты рада? – Я так рада, так рада! Я уж сердилась на тебя. Я тебе не говорила, но ты дурно с ней поступал. Это такое сердце, Nicolas. Как я рада! Я бываю гадкая, но мне совестно было быть одной счастливой без Сони, – продолжала Наташа. – Теперь я так рада, ну, беги к ней. – Нет, постой, ах какая ты смешная! – сказал Николай, всё всматриваясь в нее, и в сестре тоже находя что то новое, необыкновенное и обворожительно нежное, чего он прежде не видал в ней. – Наташа, что то волшебное. А? – Да, – отвечала она, – ты прекрасно сделал. «Если б я прежде видел ее такою, какою она теперь, – думал Николай, – я бы давно спросил, что сделать и сделал бы всё, что бы она ни велела, и всё бы было хорошо». – Так ты рада, и я хорошо сделал? – Ах, так хорошо! Я недавно с мамашей поссорилась за это. Мама сказала, что она тебя ловит. Как это можно говорить? Я с мама чуть не побранилась. И никому никогда не позволю ничего дурного про нее сказать и подумать, потому что в ней одно хорошее. – Так хорошо? – сказал Николай, еще раз высматривая выражение лица сестры, чтобы узнать, правда ли это, и, скрыпя сапогами, он соскочил с отвода и побежал к своим саням. Всё тот же счастливый, улыбающийся черкес, с усиками и блестящими глазами, смотревший из под собольего капора, сидел там, и этот черкес был Соня, и эта Соня была наверное его будущая, счастливая и любящая жена. Приехав домой и рассказав матери о том, как они провели время у Мелюковых, барышни ушли к себе. Раздевшись, но не стирая пробочных усов, они долго сидели, разговаривая о своем счастьи. Они говорили о том, как они будут жить замужем, как их мужья будут дружны и как они будут счастливы. На Наташином столе стояли еще с вечера приготовленные Дуняшей зеркала. – Только когда всё это будет? Я боюсь, что никогда… Это было бы слишком хорошо! – сказала Наташа вставая и подходя к зеркалам. – Садись, Наташа, может быть ты увидишь его, – сказала Соня. Наташа зажгла свечи и села. – Какого то с усами вижу, – сказала Наташа, видевшая свое лицо. – Не надо смеяться, барышня, – сказала Дуняша. Наташа нашла с помощью Сони и горничной положение зеркалу; лицо ее приняло серьезное выражение, и она замолкла. Долго она сидела, глядя на ряд уходящих свечей в зеркалах, предполагая (соображаясь с слышанными рассказами) то, что она увидит гроб, то, что увидит его, князя Андрея, в этом последнем, сливающемся, смутном квадрате. Но как ни готова она была принять малейшее пятно за образ человека или гроба, она ничего не видала. Она часто стала мигать и отошла от зеркала. – Отчего другие видят, а я ничего не вижу? – сказала она. – Ну садись ты, Соня; нынче непременно тебе надо, – сказала она. – Только за меня… Мне так страшно нынче! Соня села за зеркало, устроила положение, и стала смотреть. – Вот Софья Александровна непременно увидят, – шопотом сказала Дуняша; – а вы всё смеетесь. Соня слышала эти слова, и слышала, как Наташа шопотом сказала: – И я знаю, что она увидит; она и прошлого года видела. Минуты три все молчали. «Непременно!» прошептала Наташа и не докончила… Вдруг Соня отсторонила то зеркало, которое она держала, и закрыла глаза рукой. – Ах, Наташа! – сказала она. – Видела? Видела? Что видела? – вскрикнула Наташа, поддерживая зеркало. Соня ничего не видала, она только что хотела замигать глазами и встать, когда услыхала голос Наташи, сказавшей «непременно»… Ей не хотелось обмануть ни Дуняшу, ни Наташу, и тяжело было сидеть. Она сама не знала, как и вследствие чего у нее вырвался крик, когда она закрыла глаза рукою. – Его видела? – спросила Наташа, хватая ее за руку. – Да. Постой… я… видела его, – невольно сказала Соня, еще не зная, кого разумела Наташа под словом его: его – Николая или его – Андрея. «Но отчего же мне не сказать, что я видела? Ведь видят же другие! И кто же может уличить меня в том, что я видела или не видала?» мелькнуло в голове Сони. – Да, я его видела, – сказала она. – Как же? Как же? Стоит или лежит? – Нет, я видела… То ничего не было, вдруг вижу, что он лежит. – Андрей лежит? Он болен? – испуганно остановившимися глазами глядя на подругу, спрашивала Наташа. – Нет, напротив, – напротив, веселое лицо, и он обернулся ко мне, – и в ту минуту как она говорила, ей самой казалось, что она видела то, что говорила. – Ну а потом, Соня?… – Тут я не рассмотрела, что то синее и красное… – Соня! когда он вернется? Когда я увижу его! Боже мой, как я боюсь за него и за себя, и за всё мне страшно… – заговорила Наташа, и не отвечая ни слова на утешения Сони, легла в постель и долго после того, как потушили свечу, с открытыми глазами, неподвижно лежала на постели и смотрела на морозный, лунный свет сквозь замерзшие окна.

Вскоре после святок Николай объявил матери о своей любви к Соне и о твердом решении жениться на ней. Графиня, давно замечавшая то, что происходило между Соней и Николаем, и ожидавшая этого объяснения, молча выслушала его слова и сказала сыну, что он может жениться на ком хочет; но что ни она, ни отец не дадут ему благословения на такой брак. В первый раз Николай почувствовал, что мать недовольна им, что несмотря на всю свою любовь к нему, она не уступит ему. Она, холодно и не глядя на сына, послала за мужем; и, когда он пришел, графиня хотела коротко и холодно в присутствии Николая сообщить ему в чем дело, но не выдержала: заплакала слезами досады и вышла из комнаты. Старый граф стал нерешительно усовещивать Николая и просить его отказаться от своего намерения. Николай отвечал, что он не может изменить своему слову, и отец, вздохнув и очевидно смущенный, весьма скоро перервал свою речь и пошел к графине. При всех столкновениях с сыном, графа не оставляло сознание своей виноватости перед ним за расстройство дел, и потому он не мог сердиться на сына за отказ жениться на богатой невесте и за выбор бесприданной Сони, – он только при этом случае живее вспоминал то, что, ежели бы дела не были расстроены, нельзя было для Николая желать лучшей жены, чем Соня; и что виновен в расстройстве дел только один он с своим Митенькой и с своими непреодолимыми привычками. Отец с матерью больше не говорили об этом деле с сыном; но несколько дней после этого, графиня позвала к себе Соню и с жестокостью, которой не ожидали ни та, ни другая, графиня упрекала племянницу в заманивании сына и в неблагодарности. Соня, молча с опущенными глазами, слушала жестокие слова графини и не понимала, чего от нее требуют. Она всем готова была пожертвовать для своих благодетелей. Мысль о самопожертвовании была любимой ее мыслью; но в этом случае она не могла понять, кому и чем ей надо жертвовать. Она не могла не любить графиню и всю семью Ростовых, но и не могла не любить Николая и не знать, что его счастие зависело от этой любви. Она была молчалива и грустна, и не отвечала. Николай не мог, как ему казалось, перенести долее этого положения и пошел объясниться с матерью. Николай то умолял мать простить его и Соню и согласиться на их брак, то угрожал матери тем, что, ежели Соню будут преследовать, то он сейчас же женится на ней тайно. Графиня с холодностью, которой никогда не видал сын, отвечала ему, что он совершеннолетний, что князь Андрей женится без согласия отца, и что он может то же сделать, но что никогда она не признает эту интригантку своей дочерью. Взорванный словом интригантка , Николай, возвысив голос, сказал матери, что он никогда не думал, чтобы она заставляла его продавать свои чувства, и что ежели это так, то он последний раз говорит… Но он не успел сказать того решительного слова, которого, судя по выражению его лица, с ужасом ждала мать и которое может быть навсегда бы осталось жестоким воспоминанием между ними. Он не успел договорить, потому что Наташа с бледным и серьезным лицом вошла в комнату от двери, у которой она подслушивала. – Николинька, ты говоришь пустяки, замолчи, замолчи! Я тебе говорю, замолчи!.. – почти кричала она, чтобы заглушить его голос. – Мама, голубчик, это совсем не оттого… душечка моя, бедная, – обращалась она к матери, которая, чувствуя себя на краю разрыва, с ужасом смотрела на сына, но, вследствие упрямства и увлечения борьбы, не хотела и не могла сдаться. – Николинька, я тебе растолкую, ты уйди – вы послушайте, мама голубушка, – говорила она матери. Слова ее были бессмысленны; но они достигли того результата, к которому она стремилась. Графиня тяжело захлипав спрятала лицо на груди дочери, а Николай встал, схватился за голову и вышел из комнаты. Наташа взялась за дело примирения и довела его до того, что Николай получил обещание от матери в том, что Соню не будут притеснять, и сам дал обещание, что он ничего не предпримет тайно от родителей. С твердым намерением, устроив в полку свои дела, выйти в отставку, приехать и жениться на Соне, Николай, грустный и серьезный, в разладе с родными, но как ему казалось, страстно влюбленный, в начале января уехал в полк. После отъезда Николая в доме Ростовых стало грустнее чем когда нибудь. Графиня от душевного расстройства сделалась больна. Соня была печальна и от разлуки с Николаем и еще более от того враждебного тона, с которым не могла не обращаться с ней графиня. Граф более чем когда нибудь был озабочен дурным положением дел, требовавших каких нибудь решительных мер. Необходимо было продать московский дом и подмосковную, а для продажи дома нужно было ехать в Москву. Но здоровье графини заставляло со дня на день откладывать отъезд.

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